Immunization with lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase CbpD induces protective immunity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia

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Contribution of Streptococcus pyogenes M87 protein to innate immune resistance and virulence.

Streptococcus pyogenes is a pre-eminent human pathogen, and classified by the hypervariable sequence of the emm gene encoding the cell surface M protein. Among a diversity of M/emm types, the prevalence of the M/emm87 strain has been steadily increasing in invasive S. pyogenes infections. Although M protein is the major virulence factor for globally disseminated M/emm1 strain, it is unclear if or how the corresponding M protein of M/emm87 strain (M87 protein) functions as a virulence factor. Here, we use targeted mutagenesis to show that the M87 protein contributes to bacterial resistance to neutrophil and whole blood killing and promotes the release of mature IL-1β from macrophages. While deletion of emm87 did not influence epithelial cell adherence and nasal colonization, it significantly reduced S. pyogenes-induced mortality and bacterial loads in a murine systemic infection model. Our data suggest that emm87 is involved in pathogenesis by modulating the interaction between S. pyogenes and innate immune cells

Site-Specific Conjugation of Cell Wall Polyrhamnose to Protein SpyAD Envisioning a Safe Universal Group A Streptococcal Vaccine

AbstractDevelopment of an effective vaccine against the leading human bacterial pathogen group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a public health priority. The species defining group A cell wall carbohydrate (GAC, Lancefield antigen) can be engineered to remove its immunodominant N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) side chain, implicated in provoking autoimmune cross-reactivity in rheumatic heart disease, leaving its polyrhamnose core (GACPR). Here we generate a novel protein conjugate of the GACPRand test the utility of this conjugate antigen in active immunization. Instead of conjugation to a standard carrier protein, we selected SpyAD, a highly conserved GAS surface protein containing both B-cell and T-cell epitopes relevant to the bacterium that itself shows promise as a vaccine antigen. SpyAD was synthesized using the XpressTM cell-free protein expression system, incorporating a non-natural amino acid to which GACPRwas conjugated by site-specific click chemistry to yield high molecular mass SpyAD-GACPRconjugates and avoid disruption of important T-cell and B-cell immunological epitopes. The conjugated SpyAD-GACPRelicited antibodies that bound the surface of multiple GAS strains of diverse M types and promoted opsonophagocytic killing by human neutrophils. Active immunization of mice with a multivalent vaccine consisting of SpyAD-GACPR, together with candidate vaccine antigens streptolysin O and C5a peptidase, protected against GAS challenge in a systemic infection model and localized skin infection model, without evidence of cross reactivity to human heart or brain tissue epitopes. This general approach may allow GAC to be safely and effectively included in future GAS subunit vaccine formulations with the goal of broad protection without autoreactivity

Brazil builds in Campinas: a symbolic tool of the strategy to legitimate the implementation of the urban-improvement plan

Este artículo trae una reflexión sobre la exposición Brazil Builds que se presentó en Campinas en febrero de 1945. La ciudad era parte del circuito de la exposición que comenzó el 13 de enero de 1943 en el Museum of Modern Art de Nueva York (MoMA). El evento nos lleva a reflexionar sobre cómo se han concertado los distintos intereses involucrados en su realización en esa ciudad. Los esfuerzos del poder público y de sectores de la elite local evidencian una tela de intereses relacionados a la exposición de arquitectura. El objetivo principal es discutir las estructuras de poder locales que se han beneficiado de la dimensión simbólica del arte, usando la exposición como instrumento para legitimar la implantación de un plan de urbanismo para la ciudad (Plan de Mejorías Urbanas), que fue desarrollado por el urbanista Prestes Maia, contratado por la alcadía de la ciudad desde 1934. Ese plan era una parte de un gran proyecto para modernizar la ciudad

Blood Gene Expression Predicts Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome

Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), the main manifestation of chronic lung allograft dysfunction, leads to poor long-term survival after lung transplantation. Identifying predictors of BOS is essential to prevent the progression of dysfunction before irreversible damage occurs. By using a large set of 107 samples from lung recipients, we performed microarray gene expression profiling of whole blood to identify early biomarkers of BOS, including samples from 49 patients with stable function for at least 3 years, 32 samples collected at least 6 months before BOS diagnosis (prediction group), and 26 samples at or after BOS diagnosis (diagnosis group). An independent set from 25 lung recipients was used for validation by quantitative PCR (13 stables, 11 in the prediction group, and 8 in the diagnosis group). We identified 50 transcripts differentially expressed between stable and BOS recipients. Three genes, namely POU class 2 associating factor 1 (POU2AF1), T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 1A (TCL1A), and B cell lymphocyte kinase, were validated as predictive biomarkers of BOS more than 6 months before diagnosis, with areas under the curve of 0.83, 0.77, and 0.78 respectively. These genes allow stratification based on BOS risk (log-rank test p < 0.01) and are not associated with time posttransplantation. This is the first published large-scale gene expression analysis of blood after lung transplantation. The three-gene blood signature could provide clinicians with new tools to improve follow-up and adapt treatment of patients likely to develop BOS